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eBPF timers

v5.15

Timers allow eBPF programs to schedule the execution of an eBPF function at a later time. Use cases for this feature include garbage collection of map values or performing periodic checks. For example, we might want to prune DNS records from an LRU map if their TTL has expired to pro-actively make room instead of risking entries with valid TTLs being pruned due to inactivity.

Timers are stored in map values as struct bpf_timer fields. For example:

struct map_elem {
    int counter;
    struct bpf_timer timer;
};

struct {
    __uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH);
    __uint(max_entries, 1000);
    __type(key, int);
    __type(value, struct map_elem);
} hmap SEC(".maps");

The definition of such a timer is: struct bpf_timer { __u64 :64; __u64 :64; };.

Note

Only programs with CAP_BPF are allowed to use bpf_timer.

The timers are attached to the lifecycle of the map, if the map is freed/deleted, the all pending timers in that map will be canceled.

Pending timers will keep a reference to the program containing the callback, so even if no other references exist, programs will stay loaded until all timers have fired or are canceled.

A timer has to be initialized with the bpf_timer_init helper function. After initialization a callback can be assigned to the timer with the bpf_timer_set_callback helper function. Lastly the timer is started with the bpf_timer_start helper function. A pending timer can also be canceled with the bpf_timer_cancel helper function.

These three helper calls do not necessarily have to happen in the same program at the same time. The following use case is valid:

  • map1 is shared by prog1, prog2, prog3.
  • prog1 calls bpf_timer_init for some map1 elements
  • prog2 calls bpf_timer_set_callback for some map1 elements.
  • Those that were not bpf_timer_init-ed will return -EINVAL.
  • prog3 calls bpf_timer_start for some map1 elements.
  • Those that were not both bpf_timer_init-ed and
  • bpf_timer_set_callback-ed will return -EINVAL.

bpf_timer_init and bpf_timer_set_callback will return -EPERM if map doesn't have user references (is not held by open file descriptor from user space and not pinned in bpffs).

The callback passed to the timer has the following signature static int callback_fn(void *map, {map key type} *key, {map value type} *value). The callback is invoked with a pointer to the map, map key, and map value associated with the timer. It has no context unlike normal eBPF program execution, and thus is unable to perform work that requires operating on a context or helper side-effects. Its only input and output are maps.

Note

The callback function must always return 0, otherwise the verifier will reject the program.

A callback can chose to re-schedule its own timer by calling bpf_timer_start on value->timer. Thus making it possible to not just have a one shot delay from a given eBPF program run, but to have a periodic function running endlessly after just a single trigger event.